KRIG2D

The KRIG2D function interpolates a regularly- or irregularly-gridded set of points z =  f ( x, y ) using kriging. It returns a two dimensional floating-point array containing the interpolated surface, sampled at the grid points.

The parameters of the data model - the range, nugget, and sill - are highly dependent upon the degree and type of spatial variation of your data, and should be determined statistically. Experimentation, or preferably rigorous analysis, is required.

For n data points, a system of n +1 simultaneous equations are solved for the coefficients of the surface. For any interpolation point, the interpolated value is:

The following formulas are used to model the variogram functions:

d( i,j ) = the distance from point i to point j.

V = the variance of the samples.

C( i,j ) = the covariance of sample i with sample j.

C( x 0 , y 0 , x 1 , y 1 ) = the covariance of point ( x 0 , y 0 ) with point ( x 1 , y 1 ).

Exponential covariance:

Spherical covariance:

This routine is written in the IDL language. Its source code can be found in the file krig2d.pro in the lib subdirectory of the IDL distribution.

Calling Sequence

Result = KRIG2D( Z [, X, Y] )

Arguments

Z, X, Y

Arrays containing the Z , X , and Y coordinates of the data points on the surface. Points need not be regularly gridded. For regularly gridded input data, X and Y are not used: the grid spacing is specified via the XGRID and YGRID (or XVALUES and YVALUES) keywords, and Z must be a two dimensional array. For irregular grids, all three parameters must be present and have the same number of elements.

Keywords

Model Parameters:

EXPONENTIAL

Set this keyword to a two- or three-element vector of model parameters to use an exponential semivariogram model. The model parameters (A, CO, and C1) are explained below.

SPHERICAL

Set this keyword to a two- or three-element vector of model parameters to use a spherical semivariogram model. The model parameters (A, CO, and C1) are explained below.

A

The range . At distances beyond A , the semivariogram or covariance remains essentially constant.

C0

The nugget , which provides a discontinuity at the origin.

C1

If specified, C1 is the covariance value for a zero distance, and the variance of the random sample z variable. If only a two element vector is supplied, C1 is set to the sample variance. (C0 + C1) = the sill , which is the variogram value for very large distances.

Input Grid Description:

REGULAR

If set, the Z parameter is a two dimensional array of dimensions ( n,m ), containing measurements over a regular grid. If any of XGRID, YGRID, XVALUES, or YVALUES are specified, REGULAR is implied. REGULAR is also implied if there is only one parameter, Z . If REGULAR is set, and no grid specifications are present, the grid is set to (0, 1, 2, ...).

XGRID

A two-element array, [ xstart , xspacing ], defining the input grid in the x direction. Do not specify both XGRID and XVALUES.

XVALUES

An n -element array defining the x locations of Z[ i,j ]. Do not specify both XGRID and XVALUES.

YGRID

A two-element array, [ ystart , yspacing ], defining the input grid in the y direction. Do not specify both YGRID and YVALUES.

YVALUES

An n -element array defining the y locations of Z[ i,j ]. Do not specify both YGRID and YVALUES.

Output Grid Description:

GS

The output grid spacing. If present, GS must be a two-element vector [ xs, ys ], where xs is the horizontal spacing between grid points and ys is the vertical spacing. The default is based on the extents of x and y . If the grid starts at x value xmin and ends at xmax , then the default horizontal spacing is ( xmax - xmin )/(NX-1). ys is computed in the same way. The default grid size, if neither NX or NY are specified, is 26 by 26.

BOUNDS

If present, BOUNDS must be a four-element array containing the grid limits in x and y of the output grid: [ xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax ]. If not specified, the grid limits are set to the extent of x and y .

NX

The output grid size in the x direction. NX need not be specified if the size can be inferred from GS and BOUNDS. The default value is 26.

NY

The output grid size in the y direction. NY need not be specified if the size can be inferred from GS and BOUNDS. The default value is 26.

Examples

Make a random set of points that lie on a Gaussian:

N = 15 ; Number of random points.

X = RANDOMU(seed, N)

Y = RANDOMU(seed, N)

Z = EXP(-2 * ((X-.5)^2 + (Y-.5)^2)) ; The Gaussian.

Get a 26 by 26 grid over the rectangle bounding x and y:

E = [ 0.25, 0.0] ; Range is 0.25 and nugget is 0. These numbers are dependent on your data model.

R = KRIG2D(Z, X, Y, EXPON = E) ; Get the surface.

Alternatively, get a surface over the unit square, with spacing of 0.05:

R = KRIG2D(Z, X, Y, EXPON=E, GS=[0.05, 0.05], BOUNDS=[0,0,1,1])

See Also

BILINEAR , INTERPOLATE